Wettability of ionic surfactants SDS and DTAB on wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaf surfaces

Abstract

Due to the important use of pesticide formulation, it is necessary to make it clear how ionic surfactant effect the wettability at leaf surface. In this work, we used the sessile drop method to study the wettability of SDS and DTAB on wheat leaf surfaces at different leaf stages, and reveal the relationship between surfactants structures and leaf stages of wheat leaf surfaces on wettability behavior. Results showed that few surfactant molecules adsorbed at the interface at low concentrations. With the concentration increased, the surfactant replaced the air layer partially within the nano/micro structure of leaf surfaces. When the concentration exceeded to CMC, the adsorption of surfactant molecules was saturated at both air-liquid interface and solid-liquid interface, the wetting state was still the transitional state between Cassie-Baxter’s and Wenzel’s state. In all concentrations, the adhesional tension and surface tension showed the linear relationship and the slope values were all below ?1, suggesting there were more surfactant molecules adsorbed at the solid-liquid interface than the liquid-air interface. As SDS is a common wetting agent and DTAB is a common fungicide in agrochemical, this study will provide potential guidance in practical application of pesticide solutions in leaf surface wetting.     

Biodegradation study of plasticised corn flour/poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) blends

Plasticised corn flour/poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) materials were prepared by extrusion and injection in order to study the impact of PBSA ratio on their physicochemical properties and biodegradability. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed that corn flour and PBSA are incompatible. Three types of morphology have been observed: (i) starch dispersed in a PBSA matrix, (ii) a “co-continuous-like” morphology of starch and PBSA, and (iii) PBSA dispersed in a starch matrix. As expected, the extent of plasticised corn flour starch hydrolysis by amylolytic enzymes decreased when the amount of PBSA increased. Addition of a lipase to hydrolyse PBSA ester bonds enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of starch by amylolytic enzymes in materials where PBSA formed a continuous phase. This suggests that PBSA formed a barrier restricting the access of amylolytic enzymes to starch. This was consistent with aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation assays, which also showed lower biodegradability of materials containing a majority of PBSA.     

Structural characterization of flavonoid glycosides from leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using LC/MS/MS profiling of the target compounds

The aim of this study was to present integrated mass spectrometric methods for the structural characterization and identification of flavonoid glycoconjugates. During the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses, TriVersa NanoMate chip‐based system with nanoelectrospray ionization and fraction collection was combined to a quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. In the extract samples prepared from green leaves of wheat plantlets, 41 flavonoid derivatives were recognized. Part of the target natural products had the full structure being characterized after the registration of mass spectra, where m/z values for protonated [M + H]⁺ and deprotonated molecules [M ? H]^? were annotated. MS² and pseudo‐MS³ experiments were performed for [M + H]⁺ or [M ? H]^? and aglycone ions (Y₀^+/?‐type), respectively. It should be underlined that pseudo‐MS³ mass spectra were registered for aglycone product ions in the mass spectra of O‐glycosides present in the extract samples. In many cases, only tentative structural identification of aglycones was possible, mainly because of the presence of numerous C‐monoglycoside or C‐diglycoside in the samples. Acylation of the sugar moiety and/or methylation of the aglycone in the flavonoid glycosides under study was observed. The existence of isobaric and/or isomeric compounds was demonstrated in the extract studied. The collision‐induced dissociation mass spectra registered for C,O‐diglycosides and C,C‐diglycosides did not permit to draw complete structural conclusions about the compounds studied. For the investigated class of natural products, unambiguous classification of sugar moieties linked to the aglycones from the recorded mass spectra was not possible. Registration of the positive and negative ion mass spectra did not lead to the precise conclusion about the glycosylation position at C‐6 or C‐8, and O‐4′ or O‐7 atoms. It was possible, on the basis of the collected MS² spectra, to differentiate between O‐glycosides and C‐glycosides present in the samples analyzed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geographical discrimination of Chinese winter wheat using volatile compound analysis by HS‐SPME/GC‐MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis

This study aimed to develop a potential analytical method to discriminate the Chinese winter wheat according to geographical origin and cultivars. A total of 90 wheat samples of 10 different wheat cultivars among three regions were examined by headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The peak areas of 32 main volatile compounds were selected and subjected to statistical analysis, which revealed significant differences among different regions and cultivars. Multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant influence of regions, wheat genotypes, and their interaction on the volatile composition of wheat. Principal component analysis of the aromatic profile showed better visualization for wheat geographical origins. Finally, a classification model based on the linear discriminant analysis was successfully constructed for the discrimination of regions and cultivars with the correct classification percentages of 90 and 100%, respectively.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定山东小麦中铬、镍、铜、砷、镉、铅、锌的含量

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定山东小麦中7种重金属元素(Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Zn)的方法,并对山东地区千余份小麦进行分析。结果表明,通过使用适宜的内标和He碰撞模式,7种重金属元素的方法检出限在0.0007~0.09 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)在10%以内,标准曲线线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,方法用于国家有证标准物质(GSB-3、GSB-4、GSB24)的测定,结果与标准值相符。方法灵敏度高,重现性好,定量准确,可用于大批量小麦样品的测定。     

用Priestley—Taylor公式估算冬小麦农田实际蒸散

本文以田间试验资料为基础，综合考虑了气象，作物和土壤因素对农田实际蒸散的影响，采用Ｐｒｉｅｓｔｌｅｙ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ公式，并且结合叶面积指数和相对有效土壤湿度建立了冬小麦农田实际蒸散计算模型，该模型仅需常规气象资料和农业气象资料，计算简便，具有一定的应用价值。     

粉末进样ICP—AES法测定大米,小麦,茶叶中的微量元素

由于ICP采用加电弧装置,使等离子体性能有所改善,提高了样品的蒸发效率,一定程度上抑制了基体效应和粒度效应,对样品中Cu、Zn、Fe、Mg、Pb、Co、Ba等元素的测定,取得较好的效果。     

吲熟酯对水稻及小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

报道了在给定的浓度范围内，吲熟酯（Ｅｔｈｙｃｈｌｏｚａｔｅ）和吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ）对水稻及小麦幼苗根长、根数、芽长的影响，为进一步了解吲熟酯对植物的生理特性的影响，提供了基础性数据     

Gamma irradiation influence on wheat flour gelatinisation

Differences were detected by DSC between gelatinisation and amylose-lipid complex transition occurring in suspensions of control and irradiated with 30 kGy wheat flour characterised by a dry matter to water ratio equal to ca. 1:1 and the dependence of the results on the heating rate. Two steps viscosity was discovered using of Brabender viscograph for the wheat flour irradiated with 1-30 kGy dose (apart to an essential decrease in maximum viscosity) while a one step process occurs in the case of the control one. It was compared to one step viscosity jump observed in the case of rye flour, both control and irradiated. The results are discussed in terms of radiation induced changes in starch granules. Storage of the suspensions at -20°C led to an additional exothermic effect, preceding well-recognised gelatinisation effect. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

用马尔柯夫分析法预测麦蜘蛛发生趋势

本文研究了马尔柯夫分析法在预测麦蜘蛛发生趋势中的应用。结果表明 ,此法的预测效果令人满意。此法可对麦蜘蛛的发生趋势进行超长期预测